Discuss the roles of development learning Essay

The nervous system is responsible for the initiation, propagation and co-ordination of animal behaviour. How it is constructed and what factors are involved encompasses many fields of biology, from ethology and neurophysics to evolution. In this essay I will describe the roles of development learning and evolution in the construction of the nervous system and give experimental evidence that backs up these theories. Evolution Evolution deals with the origins of the nervous system, where it comes from determines how it will be constructed. This will have direct consequences on the relative fitness of an individual as the layout of the nervous system relates to how the animal behaves. Phylogeny is very important therefore to analyse how changes in the nervous system relate to the evolution of behaviour. The only realistic way of studying the evolution of nervous systems, particularly the events, which lead to, their current day form, is through comparative biology. By comparing closely related species in similar niches, the difference in their behaviour must have a genetic/nervous system origin. A good example of how behaviour can be genetic in origin and show that nervous systems can evolve to create different behavioural responses is found in deer. The white tailed deer odocoileus virginianus and the mule deer O. hemionus use different gaits when alarmed. The white deer gallop and the mule deer stott. This alone doesn’t confer that the difference is due to their nervous systems but the genetic origin for the behaviour is inferred when a cross between the two species results in a hybrid that bounds when alarmed. In order to attain quantitative data the use of complex nervous systems, such as mammals, is unfeasible. A simpler nervous system is better suited and comparisons can then be extrapolated for the more complex animals. Within the invertebrates the model organism is, as ever, Drosophila. Since its genome has been sequenced and the relatively short generation time it plays a key role in the study of all type of nervous system construction. Zebra fish have been termed â€Å"flies with backbones† and are perfect for the study of nervous system development in vertebrates. However these relatively simple organisms are still too complex to study fully and so scientists tend to use a part of a nervous system for detailed analysis. The Crustacean Stomatogastric Ganglion STG, which comprises of only 30 ganglions, is most popular for several reasons, mainly because it has been preserved for about 350 million years and is seen across many taxa. This allows for comparison on a smaller scale and although the overall synaptic circuitry is similar there are differences in the relative strength of connections and the amount of electrical coupling across the taxa. The reason why the STG is seen across so many taxa is because on the whole the nervous system is a very evolutionary conserved organ. This reflects its importance to an animal. As it is so conserved certain inferences can be made regarding the evolution of the nervous system. The first is that the neural networks must be pretty similar across species meaning that the nervous system is more of a generalist than a specialist. Therefore only small changes to the nervous system are needed in order to produce markedly different behaviours. It is these behaviours that are then subsequently acted upon by natural selection and contribute to the nervous system layout in the next generation. Development Once the genetic instructions that determine the constitution of the nervous system have been selected the next step in the construction of the nervous system is the subsequent application of that code, the development. The nervous system develops during embryogenesis and continues in some form or another throughout the animals’ life, but that latter stages of this development I shall relate to the learning part of this essay. From before we have learnt that the basic mechanisms for constructing a nervous system are highly conserved during evolution. There is a set of general tools that are used by all species and perhaps only a few specialist tools are needed in order to make an individual nervous system. The nervous systems building blokes are neurones, and since all cells derive from the fusion of the male and female gametes there must be factors telling cells to become neurones. The process of creating neurones is called neurogenesis and the mechanism is neural induction, the committal of cells to a neural fate. It appears that this process is a permissive one, one where the local inactivation of inhibitors in the ectoderm, creates neurones. The factors that drive neural induction are basic helix loop helix type proteins and homologues have been found in both vertebrates and invertebrates, thus stressing their importance. Also the helix loop helix is a very evolutionary old mechanism for gene regulation and the fact that neural cells can be coerced The next step is the creation of asymmetry in the ectoderm. This allows a more complex, coordinated nervous system to develop. The formation of layers, maps and modules is an essential feature of neural development in â€Å"higher† animals. The process of creating asymmetry, and so the nervous system as a whole, can be divided into three parts. 1. Pathway Selection The growing tips of the neurones travel great distances in order to reach their target. When confronted with a series of choice points they manage to travel in the right direction. 2. Target Selection Once the neurone has arrived in the correct neighbourhood the contact and recognise their correct target, usually a localised set of neurones. 3. Address Selection Refinement occurs as axonal terminals retract and expand to select a specific subset of cells from within the overall target. Capable of transforming a coarse, grained and overlapping projection into a refined and highly tuned pattern of connections. The mechanisms of these processes are still being elucidated although some basic principles have begun to crystallise. The development of connectivity most probably involves general â€Å"algorithmic† principles. The experiments performed in the last ten years have proved to provide strong evidence for many of the previous hypothesis. Pathway and Target Selection Mechanisms Axonal growth needs to be controlled in order for a functioning nervous system to develop, however this does not necessarily mean that the neurons have to be firing in order to be set up. The pathway and target selection mechanisms are believed to be autonomous, activity independent. This has been demonstrated by work done on Ambystomid Urodeles (Twitty and Johnson 1934). The embryos were paralysed with TTX for a period of days until the larvae would normally move and feed for themselves. At that point the TTX induced paralysis wore off and surprisingly the animals soon began to swim and eat in a remarkably normal fashion. In the 1970’s a theory developed that the innervation of muscles is largely at random, with patterns emerging later by the elimination of connections and cell death. This appears to be a very costly mechanism as neurones are being created only to soon be destroyed. This theory was abandoned when studies were performed on chicks (Landmesser 1978, 1980) and zebra fish (Eisen et al, 1986) that showed specific motor neurones innervate their target muscle with relatively few error from the outset. They possess unique identities that allow them to differentially respond to the choice point region, follow particular pathways and innervate specific muscle. Sperry first postulated the mechanism for the directionality of growth cone movement in 1963 when he suggested the chemoaffinity hypothesis. Neuronal growth cones were specifically guided toward their correct targets by specific chemotactic cues and proposed gradients of chemical labels. The neurones enhance and transduce the signals from the extracellular matrix to remodel cytoskeletal elements. This form of gradient-mediated chemotaxis is essential in the formation of more complex structures such as layers and maps. However the directional sensing of neurones in a 2D field such as the tectum is strong evidence for guidance by gradients despite any molecular evidence. Theoretical analysis show that requirements for map formation are simple for target tissue; there must be at least one gradient for each of the tangential dimensions. For co-ordinated simultaneous development of the nervous system there must be a series of different gradients to ensure that neurones do not switch tracks or get confused when the tissue becomes saturated with the same molecule. This has been seen when the preferred neurone’s pathway has been ablated and they have chosen not to move down other axons. There is also compelling evidence for chemorepressor molecules which serve to deter axonal growth. Studies by Kampfhammer and Raper in the past 15 years have shown the mutual avoidance of the CNS axons and the PNS axons. Evidence is also accumulating that the developing midline of the CNS of both vertebrates and invertebrates provides both attractive and repulsive guidance cues. Many CAMs, integrins and extracellular matrix molecules have been implicated in growth cone guidance, owing to their expression in vivo. The experimental evidence for these molecules being directly responsible through the use of immunoassays and mutation is scare. One series of molecules has been identified though, small GTP proteins of the rho family that regulate the focal adhesion, membrane ruffling and filopodial protrusion of neurones. However assessing the accuracy of targeting is difficult. The mapping efficiency, although higher than simple dorsal-ventral distinctions is still far below the accuracy of some sections in the nervous system, namely vision. Other theories have had to be formulated in order to explain the increase in resolution. Selective cell death has been postulated but the one with the most evidence is activity dependent self-organisation. Address Targeting Activity dependent plasticity seems uniquely suited to refine local axonal projections beyond the accuracy achieved by genetic instruction alone. Schmidt and Edwards (1983) demonstrated the effects of activity dependent on creating a fine-grained map in the visual cortex of a fish. The fishes’ eye was crushed, if left to heal it eventually regenerated and regained the retinotectal map. If the regeneration was interrupted by the addition of TTX the fine-grained map failed to form although the coarse topographic map still formed. This suggests the relationship between refinement and neuronal activity. Further studies revealed that retinal ganglion cells fired synchronously, both during embryogenesis (intrinsic origin) and after (extrinsic origin), suggesting that it was not the neural activity per se but the temporal and spatial firing that refines axonal connections. So called â€Å"cells that fire together wire together†. But the converse is also true, that for any kind of axonal remodelling not only must appropriate connections be strengthened but inappropriate ones must be weakened. The evidence for the synchronous firing of neurones continuing into later life means that the environment is constantly altering the neural networks. Learning As we have learnt the constantly changing neural networks are directly related to the extrinsic information they receive. The definition of learning is the acquisition of new information and memory is the retention of that information over time. It is clear now how the two are related in terms of the nervous system, the process of learning effects the construction of the nervous system by the storage of the information gained. The acquisition of information may come in different forms, associative between two stimuli or non-associative such as habitualisation. However they do not directly alter the nervous system, the nervous system is altered by the way in which it decides to store this data. The first insight was made by Ebbinghaus (1913) where he determined different phases of memory storage. It was Milner who first made the distinction between short term and long-term memory, the two different types of data storage, which are separated on a temporal basis. Short-term storage involves functional changes in the strength of pre-existing synaptic connections. This was demonstrated by experiments on Alpysia. Conditioning was performed and it was reflected in the neural circuitry as a greatly enhanced strengthening of the input connections of the sensory neurones to their target cells. Murphy and Glanzman (1997) provide compelling evidence for the changes in synapse being causally involved in the learning of new information through their work on the receptors of glutamate in the synapses. Long-term memory storage involves the synthesis of new protein and the growth of new connections (Flexner et al 19650. Given this information how is short-term memory converted into long-term memory? The answer is not yet fully understood, but experiments have given some clues as t how it occurs. Serotonin is thought to be important (Kandel 1976) as it increases the intracellular concentration of the secondary messenger cAMP. Martin et al (1997) suggests that new genes are being activated in the nucleus have their products distributed widely, but that the products only persistently strengthen those synapses that have somehow been marked by short term facilitation. It also appears that the protein CREB is required for functional plasticity but it is not sufficient for morphological plasticity. The changes to the gross structure of the nervous system in response to learning can be seen in an experiment performed on monkeys that were trained to preferentially use only some fingers. The cortical representation of those fingers expanded (Merzenich and colleagues). This has also been demonstrated with violinists who show a disproportionate representation of their left hand (fingering hand) when compared to their right hand (bow movement). Conclusions The roles played by each factor described here each have their own specific effect on the construction of the nervous system. The evolutionary aspect controls the â€Å"blueprints† of the nervous systems that are hard coded into the DNA of the animal. However it is not specifically the genetic makeup of the nervous system that natural selection acts against, rather the phenotype of the nervous system, which is the combination of the developmental and the learning factors. The evolutionary factors alter the genotype, the only source of variation that can be passed down to their offspring. The development can only attempt to recreate the layout as specified by the different alleles; it cannot exceed them in terms of functionality. The true source of variation depends on the extrinsic information obtained and stored in memory, but that us not able to cross generations (with the exception of tradition) and so could be an explanation for the high evolutionary conservation of the nervous system. Bibliography Gierer, A & Muller, C. M 1995 development of layers maps and modules. Current Opinion o Neurobiology 5 91-97 Goodman, C. S & Shatz, C.J. 1993 Developmental mechanisms that generate precise patterns of neuronal connectivity Neuron 10 (Suppl. ). 77-98 Lumsden, A. & Jan, Y-N. 1997 Development. Editorial overview: the end of the beginning? Current Opinion in Neurobiology 7 3-6 Kandel, E. R. & Pittenger, C. 1999 The past, the future and the biology of memory storage Philosophical transactions of the Royal Society London B 354 2027-2052 Katz, P. S & Harris-Warwick R. M. 1999 The evolution of neuronal circuits underlying species-specific behaviour Current Opinion in Neurobiology 9 628-633.

Work Family Conflict

Hypotheses Hal- Individuals who report telecommuting will report less work-family conflict than those who do not report telecommuting. H2O – Individuals who report being able to take work home to complete will report less work-family conflict than those who do not report being able to take work home.. HA – Individuals who report having a flexible work schedule will report less work- family conflict than those who do not report having a flexible schedule. HA – Individuals who report taking a family leave will report less work-?family conflict than individuals who do not report taking a leave..HA – Reporting to a family-supportive supervisor will be related to the use of (a) telecommuting, (b) taking work home, (c) flexible hours, and (d) family leave. HA – There will be a negative relationship between reporting to a family-supportive supervisor and work-family conflict. HA – Having a family-supportive supervisor will mediate the relationship b etween (a) telecommuting, (b) taking work home, (c) flexible work hours, and (d) family leave and work-family conflict.Method Sample for the study was drawn from two sources (alumni of the College of Business f a public university and students enrolled in an evening MBA program there). Consent forms, questionnaires, and return mail envelopes were sent to alumni along with a letter requesting their participation. Only 12% of the alumni returned usable questionnaires. The low rate of returns was due to incorrect addresses and the fact that alumni were told they were only eligible to participate in the study if they were currently working and had a supervisor.For the MBA students, consent forms and questionnaires were distributed during class time. Students were told they only would fill out a questionnaire if they were employed by an organization. In total, 140 alumni and 71 MBA students returned questionnaires. Given the focus of the study was on work-family conflict, the only Indivi duals Include In the analyses were individuals who were working at least 35 hours per week and who had responsibility for whom an individual had responsibility. Given the sample inclusion criteria, the study ended up with a sample of 96 individuals (83 alumni and 13 MBA students).Of those individuals, 86 reported having childcare responsibility; eight individuals ported being responsible for another person, and two persons reported being responsible for both children and others. In order to ensure accuracy of the self- reported information, the alumni and the MBA students who returned questionnaires were asked to supply the name and address of a person whom they felt was quite familiar with their work and family life. A questionnaire was sent to those significant others along with a letter explaining why they were contacted.Of the 96 persons who comprised of the main sample, 53 questionnaires from significant others were received. Results Childcare responsibility, non-child responsi bility, and the use of family-friendly practices, questionnaire responses were made on a 7-point scale (1 = strongly disagree to 7 = strongly agree). Participants were asked-?†On average, how many hours do you work per week? ‘ , â€Å"How many children do you have under your career, and â€Å"Do you have care giving responsibilities for someone other than a child? ‘ (coded 1 = no, 2 = yes).As noted in the study, in order to be included in the analyses, an individual had to be employed, have a supervisor, be working at least 35 hours per eek, and be responsible for a dependent. With regard to the mean number of hours worked, the 96 individuals comprising the main sample reported working 47. 21 hours (SD = 6. 21). In terms of child dependents, the mean number reported was 1. 89 (SD = 1. 08). In terms of being responsible for non-child dependents, of the ten individuals reporting such responsibility, no one reported being responsible for more than one person. 6 indi viduals reported taking work home (58%), 55 individuals reported working flexible hours (57%), 23 individuals reported using family leave (24%) and even individuals reported telecommuting (7%). Of the 96 employees in the sample, two reported using all four family-friendly practices, 12 reported using three practices, 24 reported using two practices, 49 reported using one practice, and nine individuals reported using no practices. Hypothesis 1 predicted that individuals who reported telecommuting would report less work-family conflict.This hypothesis was not supported for either self-reports of work-family conflict (r = -. 01) or reports of significant others (r = -. 07). Hypothesis 2 predicted that individuals who reported Ewing able to take work home to complete would report less work-family conflict. No support was found for this hypothesis for either self-reports of conflict (r = . 17) or significant other reports (r = . 10). In fact, for self-reports, the correlation attained a p. 05 level of statistical significance but in the direction opposite of that predicted. In contrast to the results for Hypothesis 1 and 2, Hypothesis 3 received strong support.Individuals who reported having flexible work hours also reported lower levels of work-family conflict (r = -. 22, p. 05). The results for significant other reports of conflict also supported Hypothesis 3 (r = -. 23, p. 05). In terms of Hypothesis 4 individuals who reported having made use of family leave reported lower levels of work-family conflict (r = -. 21, p. 05). On the other hand, significant other reports of conflict did not support Hypothesis 4 (r = -. 11). Hypothesis 5 predicted that individuals who reported to family-supportive supervisors would make greater use of family-friendly (r = . 8, p. 05) were significant at the . 05 level. Hypothesis 6 predicted that individuals porting to a family-supportive supervisor would report lower levels of work-family conflict. This hypothesis was supported both for self-reports of work-family conflict (r -? -. 54, p. 01) and significant other reports of conflict (r = -. 38, p. 01). In summary, with the exception of the relationship between taking work home to complete and self- reports of work-family conflict, all of the other relationships between the use of family-friendly practices and work-family conflict were mediated.Discussion The study hypothesized that telecommuting, taking work home, having flexible hours, ND taking a family leave each would be negatively related to reports of work-family conflict. Strong support for Hypothesis 3 (I. E. , the use of flexible hours was negatively correlated with both self-reports and significant other reports of work-family conflict). This information may prove to be advisable for many organizations to offer flexible hours to their employees. In addition to focusing on the use of family-friendly practices, the study also examined the effects of reporting to a family-supportive supervisor.It was f ound that reporting to such a supervisor was positively related to he use of flexible hours and family leave. In terms of the correlation (r = . 14) between having a family-supportive supervisor and telecommuting, it may be premature to dismiss this relationship because it did not meet the p. 05 threshold that was used throughout this paper (this correlation was significant at the p. 10 level). Criticism Limitations for this given study are as follow: The response rate for the alumni survey was lower than the study would have liked. Another limitation is the low base rate for a few of the variables that were examined (I. . The use of telecommuting). A third limitation to note was the educated nature of the sample (everyone in the sample was a college graduate). Application This study could be expanded to include a larger population of employees, such as non-college graduates. It could also be expanded to other professions/departments in the organization. In future studies, it might also be worthwhile to consider coworker support for balancing work and family responsibilities (e. G. , are coworkers willing to switch work days or work hours to accommodate family responsibilities? ).

Cultural Diversity Reflection Paper - 1794 Words

Introduction Wikipedia defines cultural diversity as, â€Å"the quality of diverse or diverse cultures†¦ The phrase cultural diversity can also refer to having different cultures respect each other’s differences.† It is important to understand the importance of cultural diversity. Our country, jobs, and schools have a variety of cultures, races, and ethnic practices and groups. We should learn from one another, but first we must have a level of understanding about each other to be able to collaborate and cooperate, function together as a human race. Although many of world’s people have grasped the concept of the ‘Great Melting Pot’, biases still exist among various factions: man against man, man against woman, old against youth, religion†¦show more content†¦That will give me a way to redirect the situation and help them get through their crisis on a non-religious level. For example, if I had a client that was losing hope in life. I would tell my c lients, if you are losing hope read psalms 62:5 or Romans 15:13. If my client then states that they don’t believe in Christ I would redirect my statement by asking them, â€Å"Why are you losing hope?† Maybe, you should take the time to find yourself again and learn whom you are and what is causes you to lose hope. Whatever it is that grounds you to lose your hope, eradicate that condition out of your life. As a professional, making my client feel secure in my care, not discriminating against them or their ‘non-religious’ ways would be of great importance in redirecting the conversation. Personally, as an African American, knowing what discrimination feels like and I would not project that negative energy on any of my clients. Racism and Discrimination In the past, I’ve dealt with discrimination on my job while working in the food industry. Caucasian customers who wouldn’t put their money in my hand for fear of touching my black skin. 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Analysis Of Zach Inglis s Scene Breakdown Of The Film

In examining Zach Inglis’s scene breakdown of ‘Better Places to Go’, the document gave an overwhelming sense of dialogue and plot rather than a scene-by-scene breakdown of the film. I noticed that this document is a scene breakdown and treatment combined which was not the task, making it difficult to mark. Some issues within the document that I wish to raise are formatting (abiding by editing house requirements, audio), the structure (layout, scene consistency), writing (readability), and characters (setting up the protagonist, inclusion of characters). The mere physical format of the scene breakdown does not adhere to the standards of the document expectations nor the task set. Within the document, there are some formatting issues, the inclusion of scene numbers, which would be helpful to find examples within large bodies of text and the consistency of spacing between scene headings and paragraphs. This will allow the reader’s eye to rest. The opening scene sets up the film and has been executed well in order to visualize the setting. However, I found a number of structural elements that I am concerned about in this document, one of them is recognising new scenes for example when leaving the bandstand scene, we are back at the diner with Judy, alone; this is done without dividing the scenes. This is also repeated when Judy is in the kitchen and it cuts to another scene without leaving the current one or acknowledging that the kitchen scene is a flashback. This makes

The Tell Tale Heart And The Cask Of Amontillado Short Story

Recently, I have read two short stories: The Tell-Tale Heart and the Cask of Amontillado, both by Edgar Allan Poe. I am going to compare and contrast these 2 stories by showing you how different yet similar they are. I believe that if you dig down deep enough you will find that even if you didnt know that they were both written by Edgar Allan Poe, you would have been able to guess it. He has a distinct style of writing. Many, if not all, of his short stories have unwelcoming endings and a sort of dark glamour. Edgar Allan Poe was born on January 19, 1809. He moved from Boston to Virginia in 1826, having registered at the University of Virginia. Edgar had an older brother, William Henry Leonard Poe, and a younger sister, Rosalie Poe. His†¦show more content†¦The narrator goes up to the old man and suddenly hears a low thumping sound, the sound of the old mans heart, that eventually stops beating. The narrator then tells us that he cut up the old man and hid him underneath th e floorboards in what used to be the old mans room. After he finished, he heard a knock on the door. One of the narrators neighbors had called the police after hearing the old mans scream. The narrator calmly tells the police that the scream came from him and that he had just had a really bad dream. When they ask about the old man, the narrator tells the police that the old man is visiting a friend in the country. After he gave the policemen a tour of the house, they sat down and had a nice, long conversation. The narrator said, My easy, quiet manner made the policemen believe my story. At the end of the story, the narrator expresses his discomfort. Then he hears it: the beating of the old mans heart. Still, the policemen continue to chat until the sound of the old mans heartbeat drives the narrator mad. The last lines of the story read, Suddenly I could bear it no longer. I pointed at the boards and cried, â€Å"Yes! Yes, I killed him. Pull up the boards and you shall see! I kille d him. But why does his heart not stop beating?! Why does it not stop!?†. Now, the next story is called, The Cask of Amontillado. It is in 1st person, told by one of the mainShow MoreRelatedA Comparison of Poes Short Stories, The Cask of Amontillado and The Tell Tale Heart773 Words   |  4 PagesI have read both short stories by Edgar Allen Poe, ‘the Cask of Amontillado, as well as ‘the Tell Tale Heart. Between these two stories lie many similarities and few differences. For instance, both of these stories the narrator describes a murder. In the Cask, the narrator Montressor, whose sanity is questionable, describes the way he murdered his rival Fortunato. 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He has achieved ever-lasting fame for his work in various fields of literature, from prose to verse. However, it is his Gothic narrative, in the short story realm he is greatest known for and is regarded as one of the foremost masters of horror that the United States has ever fashioned. The crucial component to these horror stories is usually the chara cters’ insanity.Read MoreRomantic Writing : Edgar Allan Poe1112 Words   |  5 Pagesillustrate intense emotion. Edgar Allan Poe, born in 1809, was an American writer, editor, and literary critic. Poe is best known for his short stories and poetry, especially those consisting of tales of mystery and horror. Widely regarded as a central figure of Romanticism in American literature, he was one of the country’s first practitioners of the short story. Romanticism was a literary, artistic, and intellectual movement that originated in Europe at the end of the 18th century. In part, itRead MoreThe Cask of Amontillado by Edgar Allan Poe Essay1693 Words   |  7 PagesThe Cask of Amontillado by Edgar Allan Poe In The Cask of Amontillado, Edgar Allan Poe uses several different artistic choices in the construction of the story. He manipulates the story to be the way he wants it to be by using the point of view of the narrator, the setting, and a common monotonous sentiment throughout. Poe is successful in maintaining a spirit of perverseness that is prevalent in most of his works. The point of view plays a very important role in influencing the readers perceptionRead MoreAnalysis of Edgar Allan Poes Writing Style Essay776 Words   |  4 Pageswell-known short stories, â€Å"The Cask of Amontillado† and â€Å"The Tell-Tale Heart† To begin with, Poe valued punctuation in its ability to make a point. Proper use of punctuation allowed the reader to feel the full effect the sentence was supposed to have. All this is demonstrated in the first sentence of â€Å"The Tell-Tale Heart†, â€Å"True!—nervous—very, very dreadfully nervous I had been and am; but why will you say that I am mad?† Here, the dashes take the place of a comma to create the tension of the story on theRead More Motication for Premiditated Murder Essay1612 Words   |  7 Pagesinnovator of the 19th century short fiction† (May). Edgar Allen Poe’s gruesome style of writing used connects him, and raises the social issue of motivation for murder within our jury trials. This is a widespread process of figuring out within a case in every country across the world. Motivation can be explained as the general desire to do something. â€Å"The Tell Tale Heart†, by Edgar Allen Poe deals with murder based on ass umption of insanity. â€Å"The Cask of Amontillado†, also by Edgar Allen Poe, dealsRead MoreThe Cask Of Amontillado And The Tell Tale Heart Analysis1052 Words   |  5 PagesAllan Poe is a prominent writer who wrote many peculiar and uncanny short stories and poems. One of the stories Poe wrote, â€Å"The Tell Tale Heart,† published in 1843, is about a narrator who is paranoid about an old man’s eye, so he decides to eradicate it. Another story by Poe, â€Å"The Cask of Amontillado,† published in 1846, is about a narrator who seeks revenge on his friend because, in the past, he was insulted by him. Both stories contain narrators, which are mentally unstable, but the narrator’sRead MoreEdgar Allan Poe Revlutionized Literature in the 19th Century665 Words   |  3 Pagesdescriptive imagery and suspense is what makes his writing unique. These stylistic devices are evident in Poe’s famous short stories, including â€Å"The Tell-Tale Heartâ₠¬  and â€Å"The Cask of Amontillado†. Edgar Allan Poe uses imagery to develop a strong mood for readers in his short stories, this is part of what make his writing unique. For instance, in Poe’s piece â€Å"The Cask of Amontillado†, imagery is used to develop his signature dark mood for readers to experience. Poe uses descriptive details of the settingRead MoreCommon Elements in all of Edgar Allan Poes Short Stories1157 Words   |  5 Pageswriter. His short stories and poems are sure to send a shiver down any reader’s spine with his vivid imagery. But if one takes the time to read all sixty-nine of his short stories, he or she would find many common elements that become slightly monotonous. Even though he uses some similar ideas, it is what separates his work as distinctly â€Å"Poe†. After dissecting each of his stories, it is intriguing to find what components he tends to repeat. The most prominent likeness of Poe’s stories is the unnamed

Biomaterial and Medical Devices Samples †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Biomaterial and Medical Devices. Answer: Purpose Contact lens is an optical medical device that rests on the corneal surface of the eye and functions to bend light rays so that the image gets properly focused on the retina at the back of the eye. It is made out of high grade plastic polymers and is mainly used to correct vision deficiencies and is termed as cosmetic lens as far as this application is concerned (He and Benson 2014). On the other hand, another type of lens, the therapeutic or bandage lens is used to treat certain eye disorders. Contact lens is used as an effective alternative to glasses. Depending on the needs and preferences of the individual, different categories of lenses such as that of soft and hard lens are broadly available that renders adequate flexibility and convenience. Correction of a variety of vision disorders such as that of myopia, hyperopia, astigmatism, presbyopia are made possible through wearing of contact lens. Suitability of contact lens is normally determined by virtue of an eye examination. As sessment pertinent to the health of the eye is conducted normally through refraction for detecting the accurate power of the lens (Cal and Khutoryanskiy 2015). Material used in Construction Contact lens is available in two or more options whereby daily disposable lens or frequent replacement lens are the commonest types. Hard lens is composed of a transparent rigid polymer named poly(methylmethacrylate) (PMMA) that is now obsolete owing to its disadvantage in use because of less permeability of oxygen. Soft lens is made of polyacrylamide that is capable of absorbing water and is considered hydrophilic. Water containing plastics called hydrogels constitutes the soft lens and has successfully replaced the hard lens. Further, silicone hydrogel lens is an advanced type of contact lens and is more porous compared to other lens thereby allowing more oxygen permeability (Farandos et al. 2015). Gas permeable or rigid gas permeable lens is considered as rigid lens that account for greater permeability of oxygen due to greater porosity. This property has rendered advantage over the non-porous PMMA lens and hence has successfully replaced them and helps in provision of sharper opt ics. Soft lens has polymer that has 3-dimensional amorphous network with crosslinks that remains above its glass transition temperature and produced out of cast molding or spin cast method, less commonly from lath cutting process (Liu and Etzkorn 2015). Contribution of material to function of device The soft type of contact lens that is commonly in use is made up of a polymer called polyacrylamide that contains nitrogen in its structure which upon cross linking adds to the absorption of more water. Water content with respect to soft contact lens generally varies between 38% and 79% crucial to maintain the softness and flexibility of the lens. However, despite its advantages the high water contact makes the lens more prone to be fragile by means of reducing the clarity of vision that is further reflected in providing less protection to cornea. The hydrogel component of the soft lens mainly due to its aqueous phase adds to the oxygen permeability. Soft lens is responsible for adhering to the cornea by means of a tear film of only capillary thickness between the lens and the corneal surface. The thinner shape of the soft lens accounts for conferring greater oxygen transfer capacity and reducing the corneal issues of the eyes. The hydrogel soft contact lens adds to supply of greater oxygen to the corneal tissue and thereby rendering better clarity of vision for the wearer (Kirschner and Anseth 2013). Alternative material that might have been considered The limitations of the hydrogel soft lens have paved the path for more advanced and novel types of lens such as that of the rigid gas permeable lens (RGP). RGP lens is composed of a combination of materials that include silicone, PMMA and fluoropolymer. This combination acts in favor of passing the oxygen directly through the lens to the eye adding to the comfort of the wearer. Further the rigidity of RGP also contributes to rendering clearer vision in comparison to soft lens. Astigmatism and bifocal disorders are also better corrected by this lens than other soft lens may offer. Comfort in wearing and provision for crystal clear optics is provided through the RPG lens. The central zone of this lens is occupied by rigid gas permeable area that remains surrounded by a region consisting of hydrogel or silicon hydrogel material. The incorporation of the fluoride doped side chains has been assigned to crease the permeability of the lens. Resistance to lipid deposits is also provided by v irtue of coupling fluorine with siloxane. Moreover, greater ductility in addition to good handling characteristics and easier care system compared to soft lens contributes to advantage for RPG lens (Piero et al. 2014). References Cal, E. and Khutoryanskiy, V.V., 2015. Biomedical applications of hydrogels: A review of patents and commercial products.European Polymer Journal,65, pp.252-267. Farandos, N.M., Yetisen, A.K., Monteiro, M.J., Lowe, C.R. and Yun, S.H., 2015. Contact lens sensors in ocular diagnostics.Advanced healthcare materials,4(6), pp.792-810. He, W. and Benson, R., 2014.Polymeric biomaterials(pp. 55-76). William Andrew Publishing: Oxford. Kirschner, C.M. and Anseth, K.S., 2013. Hydrogels in healthcare: from static to dynamic material microenvironments.Acta materialia,61(3), pp.931-944. Liu, Z. and Etzkorn, J., Verily Life Sciences Llc, 2016.In-situ tear sample collection and testing using a contact lens. U.S. Patent 9,320,460. Piero, D.P., Prez-Cambrod, R.J., Ruiz-Fortes, P. and Blanes-Momp, F.J., 2014. New-generation hybrid contact lens for the management of extreme irregularity in a thin cornea after unsuccessful excimer laser refractive surgery.Eye contact lens,40(3), pp.e16-e20.

International Trade Essay

Introduction The Australian car industry is on the rise and according to the country’s Financial Review, it emerged that the industry needed a huge amount of money to subsidize its operations for further four years (Alexander 2012, p. 1). In this case, the industry required about $34 million to fulfil its mission.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on International Trade Essay-Protection of Australian Car Industry Course and code specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More This necessitates a rescue program for the industry to avoid future problems and impending collapse, though other economists would consider it as being short-sightedness. Since the car manufacturing sector was started in the country, it has received a lot of assistance from the government to protect it from trade forces. The industry was protected through subsidies and sometimes tariffs, which enhanced the development of motor industry in the country. In reality, when the government assistance to the company becomes meaningless. Economic Arguments against the Industry Protection Economists and other researchers have advanced various arguments in contrary to the policies, which advocate for the protection of the car industry. Such bailouts are resisted because they increase the company’s independent on handouts, hence might compromise its liquidity and operations. Economically, some of the arguments against the protection of the car industry in Australia include the following; Incentives matters: often, economists have argued that through protecting the industry, it might relent on its mandate of providing incentives to its workers so that the latter improves the quality of cars (Kemp 2008, p 102). Since the success of car manufacturing depends on the quality of the output, provision of incentives the industry might be depending on government assistance at the expense of developing internal mechanisms (Kemp 2008, p. 108). Imp ortantly, the workers normally initiate behaviour that would enable them rewarded for their hard work. In addition, economists believe that the bailouts decrease the competitiveness of the models, making the industry lose a lot of money due to poor sales. Comparative Advantage: Notably, globalization and the current liberalized trade in the country ensure that the production suits structure (Salvatore 2012, p. 17). However, protecting the industry reduces its comparative advantage to the total number of existing car manufacturers in Australia and other parts of the world. The extent to which the car industry could remain competitive explains the application of the Mercantilism theory of Absolute Advantage (Feenstra 2003, p. 55). Under this theory, Adam Smith argued that the company progresses and accumulates enormous wealth based on its inclination to the production of goods, in which it generally has comparative advantage compared to the others.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Indeed, comparative advantage revitalizes the business pattern, and this helps the company in making decisions, and might enable the company make reasonable profit (Feenstra 2003, p. 67). Resource Allocation: the efficiency with which the Australian car industry operates in terms of resource allocation is likely to affect its output. Borrowing from the Factor Proportion Theory (FPT), Scholars argued that the resources necessary for efficient production system must be allocated fairly so that no industry benefit from undue advantage. Since the auto industry needs a lot of resources, it is reducing in its quantity of production especially in Australia due to poor or inefficient resource allocation (Pomfret 2008, p. 82). The inefficiency has caused scale-back of productivity in the car industry, in Australia to a level worrying the stakeholders. This is because the industry relies heavily on the subsidies than having a local initiative to improve on the utility of the available resources. The economists argue that the car manufacturers should embrace systems, which would improve efficiency in the sector (Pomfret 2008, p. 84). Therefore, they are against the increasing subsidies for the sector. Economic Darwinism: there has also been the notion that only the best industry with efficient production systems could survive in the competitive economy. According to Darwinism theory of economic development, an industry cannot make significant improvement in its production, without efficiency and this effectiveness is achieved through local mechanism (Salvatore 2012, p. 99). As a result, helping the industry in its production system was itself against the spirit of Darwinism, thus not acceptable. In this regard, the Australian economists were against the protection and subsidizing the car industry and instead, they were of the opinion that it should be left to survive on its own. The increase in the cost of Australian manufactured cars was cited as the reason for the low preference for the cars, thus a major cause for the decline of the industry (Salvatore 2012, p. 101). Basically, the industry does not need any subsidy to make its production competitive, but simply needs an internal mechanism to make it economically viable.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on International Trade Essay-Protection of Australian Car Industry Course and code specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Cost Benefit Argument: it is apparent the cost of input the majority of workers put in the production system of the industry does not benefit them, but only to a few individuals. Thus, economists believe that protecting the car industry would translate to taking care of the majority who do not benefit from the production, but only enrich a few individuals best placed in this industry, such as merchant traders, s uppliers among others (Salvatore 2012, p. 105). Therefore, they believe that the government should not protect the industry. Moral Hazard: economists also believe that it is inconsequential and a huge risk for the government to bailout the car industry in Australia. This is because; the industry has literally fallen short of the internal mechanism to enhance the ease with which it carries out its production. This means the company would be less aggressive and only wait for assistance, a situation that may only increase its problems (Adam, Bordo Young 2009, p. 24). Firm’s Failure: understanding the firm’s failure and establishing the practical economic approaches of solving such problems is more important than relying on subsidies to improve efficiency and quantity of production. The firm might not succeed if it cannot improve the internal efficiency to respond to the unprecedented market failures, thus will always depend on the external assistance during crisis. Howev er, economists argue that proper inbuilt mechanisms could adequately shield the company from undetermined crisis (Adam, Bordo Young 2009, p. 26). The government could only assist when there are external forces affecting the production, but not due to its failure. Inflexible Labour: notably, the inflexibility of the labour sometimes challenges the car industry in Australia. Though the government has some reasons for protecting the car industry from the changing labour market, the practice has no benefit to the general workers in the industry (Adam, Bordo Young 2009, p. 27). Economic Arguments for the Industry Protection Despite the criticisms for the car industry protection, there are a number of reasons, which rationalizes its protection. A number of economists have reiterated that protecting an industry from negative competition is the best and surest way of promoting its growth. However, the protection should not be aimed at interfering with the operation of others, and supporte d by the following economic argument Unfair Competition: there are trade competitions, which do not work to the advantage of the car industry in Australia. For instance, the high importation of cheap cars from the Asian region has a lot of impact on the manufacturing process. Indeed, the economists argue that the stiff competition from merchants necessitates protection of the car manufacturers in the country (Reuvid Sherlock 2011, p. 41).Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Changes in Labour Laws: there are regulations that might not be advantageous to the industry, especially those that tend to favour the employees (Reuvid Sherlock 2011, p. 42). For example, the policy that advocates for increasing the salaries of workers would affect the company. Market Failure: economists argue that the problems of the international market might inhibit the progress that the industry, creating a non-uniform field for competitive business operation (Reuvid Sherlock 2011, p. 43). Indeed, leveraging is not possible in cases of market failure, thus making it difficult for the manufacturers to operate at a profit. In this case, market failure might cause the car industry to incur heavy losses, and threaten its termination. Therefore, it cannot compete effectively with other players. Conclusion In summary, though the government protection for the car manufacturing sector is necessary in certain occasions such as market failures, the development of internal mechanisms is vital. This means the level of efficiency in the company determines its smooth operations than unnecessarily relying on the subsidies. References Adam, K., Bordo, M Young, W 2009, Theories of International Trade, Routledge, London. Alexander, P 2012, Car Industry Handouts are Childish. Web. Feenstra, R 2003, Advanced International Trade: Theory and Evidence, Princeton University Press, New York. Kemp, M 2008, International Trade Theory: A Critical Review, Routledge, London. Pomfret, R 2008, Lecture Notes on International Trade Theory and Policy, World Scientific Publishing, New York. Reuvid, J Sherlock, J 2011, International Trade: An Essential Guide to the Principles and Practice of Export, Kogan Page, London. Salvatore, D 2012, Introduction to International Economics (3rd Ed.), John Wiley and Sons, New York. This essay on International Trade Essay-Protection of Australian Car Industry Course and code was written and submitted by user Konnor Mclaughlin to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.